21673415 2011 06 15

1878-6847 23 2 2011 Jan 1 Int J Risk Saf Med Monitoring adverse events of vaccines against Mexican flu. 81-7 In November 2009, a vaccination campaign against Influenza A (H1N1) was started in the Netherlands. The accelerated registration procedure of the vaccines used in this campaign and the use of these vaccines on a large scale indicated a need for real-time safety monitoring. This article looks at the way in which the safety monitoring of the pandemic influenza vaccines was organized in the Netherlands and it gives an overview of the main findings with respect to the two pandemic influenza vaccines, Focetria and Pandemrix, used in the Netherlands. Close monitoring, an efficient processing and analyzing the reports resulted in a close and real-time monitoring of the safety of the vaccines. From 1 November 2009 until 1 March 2010, 7534 reports concerning one or more events possibly related to the administration of both vaccines were received. 2788 of the reports related to Focetria and 4746 of the reports related to Pandemrix. No signals of possible batch-related problems were detected for either vaccine. The profile of the reported adverse events is comparable with the information provided in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC). Differences in reported events between both vaccines may be caused by bias and confounding due to the different populations for which these vaccines have been used. Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. van Puijenbroek E P EP van Grootheest A C AC eng Journal Article

Netherlands Int J Risk Saf Med 9100907 0924-6479 IM 2011 6 16 6 0 2011 6 16 6 0 2011 6 16 6 0 ppublish 3V37105T6U66M83J 10.3233/JRS-2011-0525 21673415 21673414 2011 06 15

1878-6847 23 2 2011 Jan 1 Int J Risk Saf Med The sponsored pandemic of the Mexican flu? 73-9 The first reports of the New Influenza A (H1N1) spoke of a markedly increased morbidity and mortality. Later it turned out that this flu was a very mild flu. Gradually the role of the WHO was questioned. The definition of a pandemic flu had been changed and there rose doubts about the independency of the experts advising the WHO. It showed that some of these experts had a conflict of interest with the pharmaceutical industry, especially with those producing vaccines and neuraminidase inhibitors. As of june 2010 the WHO declared the outbreak to be a pandemic. This provided the momentum to produce vaccines. At the outbreak of the pandemic in the northern hemisphere, there was sufficient evidence that the pandemic would not be so serious, that a single vaccination was sufficient, that there were strong doubts about the efficacy of oseltamivir and that the drug, although rarely, could have serious side effects. With the stockpiling of neuraminidase inhibitors and with the recommendation of the vaccination political decisions were involved. These decisions should be driven and supported by independent scientific advisory bodies with no room for even the semblance of conflicts of interest. Stronger measures to limit the impact of experts with conflicts of interest on the development of, among others, guidelines are necessary. Domus Medica, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Bijl D D Schellekens H H eng Journal Article

Netherlands Int J Risk Saf Med 9100907 0924-6479 IM 2011 6 16 6 0 2011 6 16 6 0 2011 6 16 6 0 ppublish RT677PU758598084 10.3233/JRS-2011-0523 21673414 21629683 2011 06 01

1549-1676 8 5 2011 May PLoS Med. Characterizing the Epidemiology of the 2009 Influenza A/H1N1 Pandemic in Mexico. e1000436 Mexico's local and national authorities initiated an intense public health response during the early stages of the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic. In this study we analyzed the epidemiological patterns of the pandemic during April-December 2009 in Mexico and evaluated the impact of nonmedical interventions, school cycles, and demographic factors on influenza transmission. We used influenza surveillance data compiled by the Mexican Institute for Social Security, representing 40% of the population, to study patterns in influenza-like illness (ILIs) hospitalizations, deaths, and case-fatality rate by pandemic wave and geographical region. We also estimated the reproduction number (R) on the basis of the growth rate of daily cases, and used a transmission model to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation strategies initiated during the spring pandemic wave. A total of 117,626 ILI cases were identified during April-December 2009, of which 30.6% were tested for influenza, and 23.3% were positive for the influenza A/H1N1 pandemic virus. A three-wave pandemic profile was identified, with an initial wave in April-May (Mexico City area), a second wave in June-July (southeastern states), and a geographically widespread third wave in August-December. The median age of laboratory confirmed ILI cases was ∼18 years overall and increased to ∼31 years during autumn (p<0.0001). The case-fatality ratio among ILI cases was 1.2% overall, and highest (5.5%) among people over 60 years. The regional R estimates were 1.8-2.1, 1.6-1.9, and 1.2-1.3 for the spring, summer, and fall waves, respectively. We estimate that the 18-day period of mandatory school closures and other social distancing measures implemented in the greater Mexico City area was associated with a 29%-37% reduction in influenza transmission in spring 2009. In addition, an increase in R was observed in late May and early June in the southeast states, after mandatory school suspension resumed and before summer vacation started. State-specific fall pandemic waves began 2-5 weeks after school reopened for the fall term, coinciding with an age shift in influenza cases. We documented three spatially heterogeneous waves of the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic virus in Mexico, which were characterized by a relatively young age distribution of cases. Our study highlights the importance of school cycles on the transmission dynamics of this pandemic influenza strain and suggests that school closure and other mitigation measures could be useful to mitigate future influenza pandemics. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary. Mathematical, Computational & Modeling Sciences Center, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America. Chowell Gerardo G Echevarría-Zuno Santiago S Viboud Cécile C Simonsen Lone L Tamerius James J Miller Mark A MA Borja-Aburto Víctor H VH eng Journal Article 2011 05 24

United States PLoS Med 101231360 1549-1277 IM PMC3101203 2010 9 15 2011 4 15 2011 5 24 2011 6 2 6 0 2011 6 2 6 0 2011 6 2 6 0 ppublish 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000436 10-PLME-RA-6265R3 21629683 PMC3101203 21586668 2011 5 18

1552-6127 2011 May 17 Age and Ethnic Differences in Cold Weather and Contagion Theories of Colds and Flu. Age and ethnic group differences in cold weather and contagion or germ theories of infectious disease were explored in two studies. A cold weather theory was frequently invoked to explain colds and to a lesser extent flu but became less prominent with age as children gained command of a germ theory of disease. Explanations of how contact with other people causes disease were more causally sophisticated than explanations of how cold weather causes it. Finally, Mexican American and other minority children were more likely than European American children to subscribe to cold weather theories, a difference partially but not wholly attributable to ethnic group differences in parent education. Findings support the value of an intuitive or naïve theories perspective in understanding developmental and sociocultural differences in concepts of disease and in planning health education to help both children and their parents shed misconceptions so that they can focus on effective preventive actions. Sigelman Carol K CK ENG JOURNAL ARTICLE 2011 5 17

Health Educ Behav 9704962 1090-1981 2011 5 19 6 0 2011 5 19 6 0 2011 5 19 6 0 aheadofprint 1090198111407187 10.1177/1090198111407187 21586668 21306570 2011 02 10 2011 06 08

1750-2659 5 2 2011 Mar Influenza Other Respi Viruses Mortality attributable to pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. 76-82 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00187.x Acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Starting in 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus has become one of the leading respiratory pathogens worldwide. However, the overall impact of this virus as a cause of mortality has not been clearly defined. To determine the impact of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 on mortality in a Mexican population. We assessed the impact of pandemic influenza virus on mortality during the first and second outbreaks in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, and compared it to mortality associated with seasonal influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) during the previous winter seasons. We estimated that, on average, 8·1% of all deaths that occurred during the 2003-2009 seasons were attributable to influenza and RSV. During the first pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 outbreak, there was an increase in mortality in persons 5-59 years of age, but not during the second outbreak (Fall of 2009). Overall, pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 outbreaks had similar effects on mortality to those associated with seasonal influenza virus epidemics. The impact of influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus on mortality during the first year of the pandemic was similar to that observed for seasonal influenza. The establishment of real-time surveillance systems capable of integrating virological, morbidity, and mortality data may result in the timely identification of outbreaks so as to allow for the institution of appropriate control measures to reduce the impact of emerging pathogens on the population. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México. Comas-García Andreu A García-Sepúlveda Christian A CA Méndez-de Lira José J JJ Aranda-Romo Saray S Hernández-Salinas Alba E AE Noyola Daniel E DE eng Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2010 11 03

England Influenza Other Respi Viruses 101304007 1750-2640 IM Adolescent Adult Aged Child Child, Preschool Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza, Human epidemiology mortality Mexico epidemiology Middle Aged Pandemics Time Factors 2010 11 3 2011 2 11 6 0 2011 2 11 6 0 2011 6 9 6 0 ppublish 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00187.x 21306570 21293099 2011 2 4

1423-0100 2011 Feb 5 Evolutionary Characterization of Human H1N1 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Genes Isolated from 1947 to 2009 in China. Objective: Our aim was to reveal the molecular characteristics of human H1N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) genes from 1947 to 2009 in China. Methods: 129 HA gene sequences were downloaded from NCBI's GenBank and analyzed by DNASTAR software. Additionally, the three-dimensional structure of HA protein was predicted by the SWISS-MODEL service. Results: First, 2009 Chinese HA genes were 99% identical to those of Mexican and American ones; their key sites remained highly conserved. Second, 50 Chinese strains from 1947 to 2009 clustered by the year of isolation, and 2009 strains had only 70% identity to 1947-2008 ones. Third, over the past 60 years, 3 receptor-binding (RB) sites and 2 of the 8 glycosylation sites (amino acids 279 and 290) underwent considerable changes while the cleavage sites remained stable. Fourth, the human HA sequences differed completely from swine and avian isolates. Finally, the mutation of cleavage sites can change the three-dimensional structures, but single mutations cannot. Conclusions: Thus, in the past 60 years, Chinese H1N1 influenza HA genes kept stable with high affinity and low pathogenicity to human except changes in 2 glycosylation and 3 RB sites which were associated with the pandemic strength, range and host specificity of viruses. Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel. Department of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China. Liu She-Lan SL Zhang Zhiruo Z Wang Chengmin C Dong Ying Y Pan Hao H Sun Zhou Z Yang Xun-Hui XH Wang Jing J Ruan Bing B Xie Li L Deng Jing J He Hong-Xuan HX ENG JOURNAL ARTICLE 2011 2 05

Intervirology 0364265 0300-5526 2010 6 30 2010 10 25 2011 2 05 2011 2 5 6 0 2011 2 5 6 0 2011 2 5 6 0 aheadofprint 000322383 10.1159/000322383 21293099 21129214 2011 01 06 2011 03 16

1471-244X 10 2010 BMC Psychiatry Psychological response of family members of patients hospitalised for influenza A/H1N1 in Oaxaca, Mexico. 104 The A/H1N1 pandemic originated in Mexico in April 2009, amid high uncertainty, social and economic disruption, and media reports of panic. The aim of this research project was to evaluate the psychological response of family primary caregivers of patients hospitalised in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with suspected influenza A/H1N1 to establish whether there was empirical evidence of high adverse psychological response, and to identify risk factors for such a response. If such evidence was found, a secondary aim was to develop a specific early intervention of psychological support for these individuals, to reduce distress and possibly lessen the likelihood of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the longer term. Psychological assessment questionnaires were administered to the family primary caregivers of patients hospitalised in the ICU in the General Hospital of Zone 1 of the Mexican Institute for Social Security (IMSS), Oaxaca, Mexico with suspected influenza A/H1N1, during the month of November 2009. The main outcome measures were ratings of reported perceived stress (PSS-10), depression (CES-D), and death anxiety (DAQ). Data were subjected to simple and multiple linear regression analysis to identify risk factors for adverse psychological response. Elevated levels of perceived stress and depression, compared to population normative data, and moderate levels of death anxiety were noted. Levels of depression were similar to those found in comparable studies of family members of ICU patients admitted for other conditions. Multiple regression analysis indicated that increasing age and non-spousal family relationship were significantly associated with depression and perceived stress. Female gender, increasing age, and higher levels of education were significantly associated with high death anxiety. Comparisons with data collected in previous studies in the same hospital ICU with groups affected by a range of other medical conditions indicated that the psychological response reported in this study was generally lower. Data indicated that, contrary to widely publicised reports of 'panic' surrounding A/H1N1, that some of those most directly affected did not report excessive psychological responses; however, we concluded that there was sufficient evidence to support provision of limited psychological support to family caregivers. School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Elizarrarás-Rivas Jesús J Vargas-Mendoza Jaime E JE Mayoral-García Maurilio M Matadamas-Zarate Cuauhtémoc C Elizarrarás-Cruz Anaid A Taylor Melanie M Agho Kingsley K eng Comparative Study Journal Article 2010 12 03

England BMC Psychiatry 100968559 1471-244X IM Adult Anxiety Disorders epidemiology etiology Attitude to Death Attitude to Health Caregivers psychology Depression epidemiology etiology Family Health Female Hospitalization Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype isolation & purification Influenza, Human complications epidemiology virology Intensive Care Units Male Mental Disorders diagnosis epidemiology etiology Mexico epidemiology Middle Aged Pandemics statistics & numerical data Personality Inventory Questionnaires Risk Factors Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic diagnosis epidemiology etiology Stress, Psychological epidemiology etiology PMC3016311 2010 5 18 2010 12 3 2010 12 3 2010 12 7 6 0 2010 12 7 6 0 2011 3 17 6 0 epublish 1471-244X-10-104 10.1186/1471-244X-10-104 21129214 PMC3016311 21091641 2011 01 10 2011 04 20

1865-1682 58 1 2011 Feb Transbound Emerg Dis Avian influenza survey in migrating waterfowl in Sonora, Mexico. 63-8 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01182.x A two-year survey was carried out on the occurrence of avian influenza in migrating birds in two estuaries of the Mexican state of Sonora, which is located within the Pacific flyway. Cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 1262 birds, including 20 aquatic bird species from the Moroncarit and Tobari estuaries in Sonora, Mexico. Samples were tested for type A influenza (M), H5 Eurasian and North American subtypes (H5EA and H5NA respectively) and the H7 North American subtype (H7NA). Gene detection was determined by one-step real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR). The results revealed that neither the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5 of Eurasian lineage nor H7NA were detected. The overall prevalence of avian influenza type A (M-positive) in the sampled birds was 3.6% with the vast majority in dabbling ducks (Anas species). Samples from two birds, one from a Redhead (Aythya americana) and another from a Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata), were positive for the low-pathogenic H5 avian influenza virus of North American lineage. These findings represented documented evidence of the occurrence of avian influenza in wintering birds in the Mexican wetlands. This type of study contributes to the understanding of how viruses spread to new regions of North America and highlights the importance of surveillance for the early detection and control of potentially pathogenic strains, which could affect animal and human health. © 2010 Blackwell Verlag GmbH. Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Montalvo-Corral M M López-Robles G G Hernández J J eng Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2010 11 22

Germany Transbound Emerg Dis 101319538 IM Animal Migration Animals Charadriiformes virology Cloaca virology Ducks virology Influenza A virus classification genetics isolation & purification Influenza in Birds epidemiology virology Mexico epidemiology Oropharynx virology Prevalence Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction 2010 11 22 2010 11 25 6 0 2010 11 26 6 0 2011 4 22 6 0 ppublish 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01182.x 21091641 20949040 2010 10 15 2011 03 07

1932-6203 5 10 2010 PLoS ONE Inside the outbreak of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1)v virus in Mexico. e13256 e13256 Influenza viruses pose a threat to human health because of their potential to cause global disease. Between mid March and mid April a pandemic influenza A virus emerged in Mexico. This report details 202 cases of infection of humans with the 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1)v which occurred in Mexico City as well as the spread of the virus throughout the entire country. From May 1st to May 5th nasopharyngeal swabs, derived from 751 patients, were collected at 220 outpatient clinics and 28 hospitals distributed throughout Mexico City. Analysis of samples using real time RT-PCR revealed that 202 patients out of the 751 subjects (26.9%) were confirmed to be infected with the new virus. All confirmed cases of human infection with the strain influenza (H1N1)v suffered respiratory symptoms. The greatest number of confirmed cases during the outbreak of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1)v were seen in neighbourhoods on the northeast side of Mexico City including Iztapalapa, Gustavo A. Madero, Iztacalco, and Tlahuac which are the most populated areas in Mexico City. Using these data, together with data reported by the Mexican Secretariat of Health (MSH) to date, we plot the course of influenza (H1N1)v activity throughout Mexico. Our data, which is backed up by MSH data, show that the greatest numbers of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) cases were seen in the most populated areas. We speculate on conditions in Mexico which may have sparked this flu pandemic, the first in 41 years. We accept the hypothesis that high population density and a mass gathering which took in Iztapalapa contributed to the rapid spread of the disease which developed in three peaks of activity throughout the Country. Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, Mexico. Zepeda-Lopez Hector M HM Perea-Araujo Lizbeth L Miliar-García Angel A Dominguez-López Aarón A Xoconostle-Cázarez Beatriz B Lara-Padilla Eleazar E Ramírez Hernandez Jorge A JA Sevilla-Reyes Edgar E Orozco Maria Esther ME Ahued-Ortega Armando A Villaseñor-Ruiz Ignacio I Garcia-Cavazos Ricardo J RJ Teran Luis M LM eng Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2010 10 08

United States PLoS One 101285081 1932-6203 IM Disease Outbreaks Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype genetics isolation & purification Influenza, Human epidemiology virology Mexico epidemiology Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction PMC2951908 2009 9 21 2010 8 18 2010 10 8 2010 10 16 6 0 2010 10 16 6 0 2011 3 8 6 0 epublish 10.1371/journal.pone.0013256 20949040 PMC2951908 20825335 2010 09 09 2011 01 10

1557-850X 8 3 2010 Sep Biosecur Bioterror Stigma, health disparities, and the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic: how to protect Latino farmworkers in future health emergencies. 243-54 At the outset of the 2009 H1N1 influenza ("swine flu") pandemic, Mexican nationals and Mexican commodities were shunned globally, and, in the United States, some media personalities characterized Mexican immigrants as disease vectors who were a danger to the country. We investigated instances in the U.S. of stigmatization of Latino migrant and seasonal farmworkers (MSFWs) and developed guidance for officials in curtailing its effects. At the same time, we explored social factors that make farmworkers more vulnerable to influenza infection and its complications, including high rates of underlying medical conditions, limited access to health care, and certain circumstances that interfere with the ability to implement community mitigation measures. This article reviews study findings and concludes with advice to policymakers and practitioners on the need to mitigate stigmatization in future outbreaks, to create public health preparedness systems that better protect migrant and seasonal farmworkers, and to undertake larger reforms to reduce institutional conditions that render farmworkers at greater risk for morbidity and mortality during health emergencies. Center for Biosecurity of UPMC, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA. mschoch@upmc-biosecurity.org Schoch-Spana Monica M Bouri Nidhi N Rambhia Kunal J KJ Norwood Ann A eng Journal Article

United States Biosecur Bioterror 101156085 1538-7135 IM Adult Agriculture Disease Outbreaks prevention & control Female Health Services Accessibility Health Status Disparities Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza, Human prevention & control Life Style Male Mexican Americans Occupational Exposure prevention & control Prejudice Transients and Migrants 2010 9 10 6 0 2010 9 10 6 0 2011 1 11 6 0 ppublish 10.1089/bsp.2010.0021 20825335 20809461 2010 09 02 2010 10 20

1211-264X 16 4 2010 Aug Klin. Mikrobiol. Infekc. Lek. [Basic epidemiological characteristics of influenza infection]. 116-9 Influenza is a relatively serious infection that affects hundreds of thousands of people every year in the Czech Republic alone, with unnecessary deaths as a possible outcome. Vaccination against influenza is the most important preventive measure. The highest incidence of seasonal influenza is reported in school-age children and young adults while the highest mortality is observed among the elderly. Pandemic influenza may significantly differ from seasonal influenza in these two aspects. Other epidemiological characteristics of seasonal influenza are presented and compared with those of 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 ("Mexican") influenza that caused the first pandemic of the 21st century. Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic. jkyncl@szu.cz Kyncl Jan J Havlícková Martina M cze English Abstract Journal Article Review Základní epidemiologické charakteristiky chripkové infekce.

Czech Republic Klin Mikrobiol Infekc Lek 101189112 1211-264X 0 Influenza Vaccines IM Disease Outbreaks Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza Vaccines administration & dosage Influenza, Human epidemiology prevention & control Seasons 2010 9 3 6 0 2010 9 3 6 0 2010 10 21 6 0 ppublish 20809461 20594109 2010 07 14 2010 09 16 2010 09 29

1537-6613 202 4 2010 Aug 15 J. Infect. Dis. Mortality patterns associated with the 1918 influenza pandemic in Mexico: evidence for a spring herald wave and lack of preexisting immunity in older populations. 567-75 Although the mortality burden of the devastating 1918 influenza pandemic has been carefully quantified in the United States, Japan, and European countries, little is known about the pandemic experience elsewhere. Here, we compiled extensive archival records to quantify the pandemic mortality patterns in 2 Mexican cities, Mexico City and Toluca. We applied seasonal excess mortality models to age-specific respiratory mortality rates for 1915-1920 and quantified the reproduction number from daily data. We identified 3 pandemic waves in Mexico City in spring 1918, autumn 1918, and winter 1920, which were characterized by unusual excess mortality among people 25-44 years old. Toluca experienced 2-fold higher excess mortality rates than Mexico City but did not experience a substantial third wave. All age groups, including that of people 65 years old, experienced excess mortality during 1918-1920. Reproduction number estimates were <2.5, assuming a 3-d generation interval. Mexico experienced a herald pandemic wave with elevated young adult mortality in spring 1918, similar to the United States and Europe. In contrast to the United States and Europe, there was no mortality sparing among Mexican seniors 65 years old, highlighting potential geographical differences in preexisting immunity to the 1918 virus. We discuss the relevance of our findings to the 2009 pandemic mortality patterns. Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. gchowell@asu.edu Chowell Gerardo G Viboud Cécile C Simonsen Lone L Miller Mark A MA Acuna-Soto Rodolfo R eng Historical Article Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

United States J Infect Dis 0413675 0022-1899 AIM IM Adolescent Adult Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Basic Reproduction Number Child Child, Preschool Disease Outbreaks Female History, 20th Century Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype immunology Influenza, Human epidemiology history immunology mortality Male Mexico epidemiology Middle Aged Seasons Young Adult NIHMS206959 [Available on 08/01/11] PMC2945372 [Available on 08/01/11] 2010 7 3 6 0 2010 7 3 6 0 2010 9 18 6 0 2011 8 1 ppublish 10.1086/654897 20594109 PMC2945372 NIHMS206959 20522847 2010 06 04 2010 11 04

1468-3296 65 6 2010 Jun Thorax Clinical characteristics of fatalities due to influenza A (H1N1) virus in Mexico. 505-9 Mexico has experienced a disproportionate mortality burden due to the influenza A(HIN1) pandemic. A study was undertaken to investigate the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the first 100 patients who died from confirmed influenza A(H1N1). A clinical evaluation was made of the first 100 consecutive deaths of confirmed cases between 10 April and 28 May 2009 reported by the Federal Ministry of Health. Statistical analysis included disease frequencies and descriptive comparisons with national health data. Most patients (60%) were aged 30-79 years, 53% were female and 40% were residents of Mexico City. On admission, 50% had one or more chronic medical conditions including metabolic syndrome (40%), cardiovascular disease (21%), diabetes (20%), hypertension (20%) and respiratory disease (8%). 38% of women and 26% of men were obese based on body mass index). The main clinical symptoms were fever (84%), cough (85%), dyspnoea (75%) and myalgia (30%). The frequency of all chronic diseases was higher in this sample than in the national statistics. Most (82%) developed symptoms before the Mexican government issued the influenza alert (24 April). Median hospital stay prior to death was 4 days (range 0-58). Patients, mostly young adults, who died from A(HIN1) influenza had a high frequency of one or more chronic diseases upon admission. Most died shortly after the health authorities initiated national influenza control measures. National Commission of Medical Arbitration, Ministry of Health, Mexico. Fajardo-Dolci Germán G Gutierrez-Vega Rafael R Arboleya-Casanova Heberto H Villalobos Aremis A Wilson Kate S KS García Sandra G SG Sotelo Julio J Córdova Villalobos José A JA Díaz-Olavarrieta Claudia C eng 1R21TW06786-01 TW FIC NIH HHS United States Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

England Thorax 0417353 0040-6376 IM Thorax. 2010 Jun;65(6):471-2 20522840 Adult Age Distribution Aged Chronic Disease mortality Comorbidity Disease Outbreaks Female Hospitalization Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza, Human diagnosis drug therapy mortality Male Mexico epidemiology Middle Aged Risk Factors Sex Distribution 2010 6 5 6 0 2010 6 5 6 0 2010 11 5 6 0 ppublish 65/6/505 10.1136/thx.2009.126953 20522847 20494237 2010 05 24 2010 08 26

1873-2607 38 6 2010 Jun Am J Prev Med Use of preventive care services among Latino subgroups. 610-9 Previous studies demonstrate a clear gap in access and receipt of preventive care between Latinos and non-Latino whites. Most of this work, however, pools Latinos together when they compare different racial and ethnic groups. There is currently no information about the consistency of preventive care utilization across major Latino subgroups. This study tests for three bundles of preventive care services to analyze the main determinants of adult preventive care receipt among the largest subgroups of U.S. Latinos and non-Latino whites. It also examines the contribution of observed and unobserved factors in explaining differences in the provision of preventive care services. The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the National Health Interview Survey from 2000 to 2006 were merged in 2009. The sample consisted of 28,781 Latinos and 78,979 non-Latino whites. This study compared disparities in the receipt of adult preventive care services and separately examined differences in the provision of the most cost-effective preventive services. Multivariate models adjust for confounding factors. The decomposition technique was used to parse out differences into observed and unobserved components. Latinos of Mexican and Central/South American origin are much less likely to receive guideline-recommended preventive care services than non-Latino whites and other Latino subgroups. Larger disparities were observed for the most cost-effective preventive care services: smoking-cessation advice, colorectal cancer screening, and influenza vaccination. Observed factors accounted for a larger share of disparities across measures (33%-100%), with lack of health insurance coverage and not having a usual source of care as the largest and most consistent factors explaining disparities. Health insurance coverage expansion and more integration of Latinos into primary care practices can substantially reduce disparities in the receipt of preventive care services. Preventive care initiatives should prioritize the availability of cost-effective services among Latinos of Mexican and Central/South American heritage. 2010 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. University of California Los Angeles School of Public Health, 90095-1772, USA. avb@ucla.edu Vargas Bustamante Arturo A Chen Jie J Rodriguez Hector P HP Rizzo John A JA Ortega Alexander N AN eng Journal Article

Netherlands Am J Prev Med 8704773 0749-3797 0 Influenza Vaccines IM Adult Colorectal Neoplasms diagnosis Cost-Benefit Analysis Female Health Care Surveys Healthcare Disparities statistics & numerical data Hispanic Americans ethnology statistics & numerical data Humans Influenza Vaccines administration & dosage Influenza, Human prevention & control Insurance Coverage statistics & numerical data Male Mass Screening utilization Middle Aged Multivariate Analysis Preventive Health Services economics utilization Preventive Medicine organization & administration Smoking Cessation ethnology methods 2009 8 29 2009 12 1 2010 1 11 2010 5 25 6 0 2010 5 25 6 0 2010 8 27 6 0 ppublish S0749-3797(10)00177-7 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.01.029 20494237 20482914 2010 05 20 2010 06 09

1876-8784 154 2010 Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd [Mexican flu: risk perception in the general public, precautionary measures and trust in information provided by the government]. A1686 To gain insight into how the Dutch general public viewed the risk during the course of the recent pandemic, into how many and which people took precautionary measures, and into the extent to which people trust the information provided by the government. Online survey, cross-sectional (the first two measurements) and follow-up investigations (the last two measurements). Between 10 and 17 November 2009, 754 people completed the online questionnaire. Earlier survey rounds were held in May (n = 572), June (n = 620) and August (n = 934). In November 2009, 38% of respondents considered the Mexican flu a serious disease and 36% viewed themselves as vulnerable to this flu. Feelings of anxiety had decreased versus earlier survey rounds. Of the respondents, 73% took precautionary measures against the disease. This concerned mainly hygiene measures, which were most frequently taken by people who were anxious, found hygiene measures effective, paid considerable attention to the media information on flu, and found information from the government reliable and those without children living at home. More than fifty percent (58%) of respondents indicated that they would be willing to have the vaccination if they would be eligible for this. Of the other 315 respondents, 40% indicated that they feared serious side effects, 35% that they doubted the effectiveness of the vaccine and 33% that they considered the vaccine to be insufficiently tested. Almost half of the respondents had read the information leaflet 'Fight the flu', which was sent to every home in the country. One third had seen the television campaign. Governmental institutions, notably the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport and the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, were the most important sources of information and more than half of the respondents trusted this information. During the course of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, anxiety among the Dutch general public decreased progressively, while people increasingly considered themselves more vulnerable to the flu. The public therefore had a realistic view of the situation. Three quarters of the general public had taken precautionary measures against the flu. More than fifty percent would be willing to have the vaccination if they would be eligible for this. The most important reason for not wanting the vaccination was fear of serious side effects and doubts about the effectiveness of the vaccine. This is a point of attention for the development of public information campaigns about vaccinations in the future. GGD Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Bults Marloes M Beaujean Desirée J M A DJ de Zwart Onno O Kok Gerjo G van Empelen Pepijn P van Steenbergen Jim E JE Richardus Jan Hendrik JH Voeten Hélène A C M HA dut English Abstract Journal Article Mexicaanse griep: risicoperceptie bij de bevolking, eigen maatregelen en vertrouwen in overheidsinformatie.

Netherlands Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 0400770 0028-2162 0 Influenza Vaccines IM Adolescent Adult Anxiety Attitude to Health Cross-Sectional Studies Female Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza Vaccines administration & dosage adverse effects Influenza, Human prevention & control psychology Male Middle Aged Public Opinion Questionnaires Risk Factors Young Adult 2010 5 21 6 0 2010 5 21 6 0 2010 6 10 6 0 ppublish 20482914 20457685 2010 06 02 2010 07 27

1098-4275 125 6 2010 Jun Pediatrics Exposure to antibiotics in a United States-Mexico border birth cohort. e1468-74 The goal was to compare the frequency of children's antibiotic intake, emphasizing antibiotics with anti-Helicobacter pylori effects, in El Paso, Texas, and Juarez, Mexico. Hispanic children were enrolled prenatally at mother-child clinics in El Paso, and Juarez, in 1998-2000, to identify determinants of H pylori infection. During follow-up examinations targeted every 6 months from 6 to 84 months of age, caretakers reported medication use during the preceding interval. Courses of any systemic and H pylori-effective antibiotics were compared for US and Mexican children. Antibiotic data were available for 602 children, from 2938 follow-up visits. Overall antibiotic intake was higher in Juarez, where 84% of children received > or = 1 course during the follow-up period (52% of visits), compared with El Paso, where 76% of children received > or = 1 course (40% of visits). In contrast, the intake of H pylori-effective antibiotics was higher in El Paso, where 65% of children received > or = 1 course during the follow-up period (27% of visits), compared with Juarez, where 44% of children received > or = 1 course (16% of visits). Of H pylori-effective courses, 94% contained amoxicillin and 2% each clarithromycin, metronidazole, and furazolidone; uses were primarily for throat and ear infections, diarrhea, and cold/flu. Pediatric antibiotic use was higher in Mexico than on the US side of the border. Apparent misuse of H pylori-effective antibiotics was more frequent in Juarez but also occurred in El Paso. Such misuse of antibiotics may lead to drug resistance and may impair the control of H pylori infection in this region. School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. gnp2@cdc.gov Broussard Cheryl S CS Goodman Karen J KJ Nurgalieva Zhannat Z ZZ Fischbach Lori A LA Gold Benjamin D BD eng R01DK053664 DK NIDDK NIH HHS United States Comparative Study Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural 2010 05 10

United States Pediatrics 0376422 0031-4005 0 Anti-Bacterial Agents AIM IM Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use Child Child, Preschool Female Helicobacter Infections drug therapy Helicobacter pylori drug effects Humans Infant Male Mexico Physician's Practice Patterns statistics & numerical data Texas 2010 5 10 2010 5 12 6 0 2010 5 12 6 0 2010 7 28 6 0 ppublish peds.2008-3173 10.1542/peds.2008-3173 20457685 20304259 2010 03 22 2010 06 10

1873-5487 40 8 2009 Nov Arch. Med. Res. Vaccines against influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. 693-704 The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported, as of September 2009, that the influenza A (H1N1) influenza pandemic has originated >300,000 laboratory-confirmed cases and 3917 deaths in 191 countries. It is recognized that pandemic vaccines have their greatest impact as a preventive strategy when administered before or near the peak incidence of cases in an outbreak. Therefore, vaccination campaigns should be in place when influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccines are available. We undertook this study to provide updated information on clinical evaluation of influenza A (H1N1) vaccines and review recommendations for influenza A (H1N1) vaccination campaigns and public health policy. The following methods were used: 1) review of registry at ClinicalTrials.gov. 2) search of PubMed Central (PMC) for influenza A (H1N1) vaccine. 3) review of recommendations of WHO, Mexican Health Secretariat (SSA) and Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on influenza A (H1N1) vaccination campaigns. Until October 1, 2009 there were 11 available influenza A (H1N1) candidate strains provided by WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network. ClinicalTrials.gov registers 45 phase I and II clinical trials evaluating immunogenicity and safety of influenza A (H1N1) vaccines. Preliminary results support administration of a single dose and use of adjuvants. Main recommendations of WHO, SSA and ACIP include epidemiologic considerations, objectives, definition of target groups and reinforcement of other mitigation measures. The present pandemic of influenza A (H1N1) has shown mild to moderate severity. Vaccination strategies in Mexico will have the objective of decreasing severe outcomes, slowing transmission, protecting groups at increased risk of infection, complications, or death, and preventing overload of health services. Control of the pandemic should include reinforcement of other non-pharmacologic measures of mitigation and, importantly, an adequate strategy of social communication. Laboratorios de Biológicos y Reactivos de México (BIRMEX), México D.F., México. Valdespino-Gomez Jose Luis JL Garcia-Garcia Lourdes L de León-Rosales Samuel Ponce SP eng Journal Article

United States Arch Med Res 9312706 0188-4409 0 Influenza Vaccines IM Adolescent Adult Animals Child Child, Preschool Clinical Trials as Topic Databases, Factual Disease Outbreaks prevention & control Female Humans Immunization Programs Infant Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype immunology pathogenicity Influenza Vaccines administration & dosage Influenza, Human epidemiology prevention & control Mexico epidemiology Middle Aged Pregnancy Seasons Vaccination World Health Organization Young Adult 2009 10 8 2009 10 15 2010 3 23 6 0 2010 3 23 6 0 2010 6 11 6 0 ppublish S0188-4409(09)00197-0 10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.10.008 20304259 20304258 2010 03 22 2010 06 10 2010 09 14

1873-5487 40 8 2009 Nov Arch. Med. Res. Identification of seasonal vaccine hemagglutinin subtype 1 (H1) epitopes in Mexican isolates of the new influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus. 687-92 Pre-existing immunity in individuals is a determinant condition for epidemic dynamics. During the current influenza A (H1N1) virus pandemic, cross-reactivity of seasonal vaccines from the last years and previous contact with seasonal influenza viruses was suggested as the cause of low severity and low incidence of the disease in persons aged 50-65 years and with history of seasonal influenza vaccination. We performed a detailed search and analysis of 74 previously reported H1 epitopes present in influenza A virus contained in seasonal vaccines applied in Mexico from 2004 to date and in sequences from Mexican isolates from 2003, as well as in the recent influenza A (H1N1) 2009, and calculated the epitope conservation among vaccine, seasonal and pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. H1 epitope sequence identity ranged from 61.53-100 %. Of the 74 epitopes previously reported, 31 (41.9%) were completely conserved among all sequences analyzed in this study, whereas 43 (58.1%) had changes in one or more amino acids. Our findings contribute to the estimatation of the degree of epitope conservation among H1 from vaccine virus strains as well as in the different viruses that circulate in the Mexican population. These results may provide new elements to consider for analysis of cross-immunity to influenza viruses including the novel influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic virus. Laboratorios de Biológicos y Reactivos de México S.A. de C.V. México D.F., México. Rodríguez-Alvarez Mauricio M Velasco-Velasco Ana María AM Alvarez-Anell Nelson J NJ Jiménez-Corona María Eugenia ME de León-Rosales Samuel Ponce SP eng Journal Article

United States Arch Med Res 9312706 0188-4409 0 Epitopes 0 H1N1 virus hemagglutinin 0 Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus 0 Influenza Vaccines IM Aged Amino Acid Sequence Databases, Factual Disease Outbreaks Epitopes genetics immunology Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus immunology Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype genetics immunology isolation & purification Influenza Vaccines immunology Influenza, Human epidemiology immunology prevention & control virology Mexico epidemiology Middle Aged Molecular Sequence Data Seasons 2009 11 10 2009 11 20 2010 3 23 6 0 2010 3 23 6 0 2010 6 11 6 0 ppublish S0188-4409(09)00228-8 10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.12.002 20304258 20304256 2010 03 22 2010 06 10

1873-5487 40 8 2009 Nov Arch. Med. Res. Lessons from previous influenza pandemics and from the Mexican response to the current influenza pandemic. 677-80 Better understanding of the events occurring during prior influenza pandemics, particularly the 1918 pandemic, and the realization that another pandemic was inevitable and likely to occur early in the 21(st) century, have helped in preparedness planning. In Mexico, pandemic flu preparedness was critical and undoubtedly paid off once a new influenza pandemic was identified in April 2009, but it also became apparent that these plans required flexibility and significant adjustments as the epidemic evolved. We review here the lessons learned in Mexico from the current influenza pandemic. In addition, we highlight various issues that should be addressed among countries and by the international community before the next influenza pandemic occurs. There have been many lessons learned but the one we cannot forget is that complacency is dangerous and not acceptable when confronting the threat of an influenza pandemic. Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. cdelrio@emory.edu Del Rio Carlos C Hernandez-Avila Mauricio M eng Historical Article Journal Article Review

United States Arch Med Res 9312706 0188-4409 0 Antiviral Agents 0 Influenza Vaccines IM Animals Antiviral Agents economics therapeutic use Disease Outbreaks history prevention & control History, 20th Century Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza A virus Influenza Vaccines economics Influenza, Human drug therapy epidemiology mortality prevention & control Mexico epidemiology United States epidemiology World Health Organization 16 2009 12 5 2009 12 22 2010 3 23 6 0 2010 3 23 6 0 2010 6 11 6 0 ppublish S0188-4409(09)00231-8 10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.12.005 20304256 20117263 2010 03 08 2010 05 19

1873-2518 28 13 2010 Mar 16 Vaccine Effect of an immunization program on seasonal influenza hospitalizations in Mexican children. 2550-5 We analyzed 2378 respiratory samples of children <5 years of age admitted during a 7-year period in order to determine the contribution of seasonal influenza as a cause of hospitalizations, as well as the impact of the inclusion of influenza vaccine in the childhood immunization program. The presence of influenza virus was demonstrated in 106 (4.4%) samples. The proportion of influenza hospitalizations after the introduction of influenza vaccination was lower (3.4%) than before the establishment of this vaccination program (7.5%; P=0.00002). Our study shows that influenza vaccination programs in children significantly reduce the impact of influenza related hospitalizations. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Venustiano Carranza 2405, San Luis Potosí 78210, S.L.P., Mexico. Aranda-Romo Saray S Comas-García Andreu A García-Sepúlveda Christian A CA Hernández-Salinas Alba E AE Piña-Ramírez Marisol M Noyola Daniel E DE eng Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2010 01 29

Netherlands Vaccine 8406899 0264-410X 0 Influenza Vaccines IM Child, Preschool Female Hospitalization statistics & numerical data Humans Immunization Programs statistics & numerical data Infant Infant, Newborn Influenza Vaccines administration & dosage immunology Influenza, Human epidemiology prevention & control Male Mexico epidemiology Orthomyxoviridae isolation & purification Prevalence Respiratory Tract Infections virology 2009 11 29 2010 1 6 2010 1 16 2010 1 29 2010 2 2 6 0 2010 2 2 6 0 2010 5 21 6 0 ppublish S0264-410X(10)00066-6 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.034 20117263 20099743 2010 01 26 2010 03 09

0862-495X 22 6 2009 Klin Onkol [Influenza vaccination for adult patients with solid malignancies]. 264-7 Seasonal influenza causes annual epidemics with significant morbidity in the general population and important mortality in high-risk groups. Opinions on the suitability of patients with solid tumours in different phases of antineoplastic therapy to receive influenza vaccination vary considerably among oncologists, sometimes even within one center. Consequently, a large number of cancer patients fail to receive influenza vaccination. Recently, the situation has become even more complicated due to the emergence of the new pandemic A/H1N1 ("swine" or "Mexican") influenza. We review current knowledge on the epidemiology of influenza, vaccination recommendations, and the efficacy and toxicity of available influenza vaccines in the population of adult patients with solid malignancies. Onkologické oddelení Fakultní Thomayerovy nemocnice a 1. LF UK, Praha. tomas.buchler@ftn.cz Büchler T T Abrahámová J J cze English Abstract Journal Article Review Vakcinace proti chripce u dospelých pacientů se solidními nádory.

Czech Republic Klin Onkol 9425213 0862-495X 0 Influenza Vaccines IM Adult Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza Vaccines Influenza, Human prevention & control virology Neoplasms drug therapy immunology Vaccination adverse effects 22 2010 1 27 6 0 2010 1 27 6 0 2010 3 10 6 0 ppublish 20099743 20064360 2010 01 12 2010 01 21

1097-4172 139 7 2009 Dec 24 Cell H1N1: a Mexican perspective. 1203-5 In April this year, a new influenza virus of swine origin emerged in Mexico and spread rapidly around the world. As the Northern hemisphere winter flu season kicks off, Laura Vargas-Parada reports on the measures that Mexico is taking to combat the H1N1 pandemic. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Vargas-Parada Laura L eng Journal Article

United States Cell 0413066 0092-8674 0 Influenza Vaccines IM Civil Defense Disease Outbreaks Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza Vaccines supply & distribution Influenza, Human diagnosis epidemiology prevention & control Mexico epidemiology 2010 1 13 6 0 2010 1 13 6 0 2010 1 22 6 0 ppublish S0092-8674(09)01566-9 10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.019 20064360 20029350 2010 03 25 2010 04 21

1530-0293 38 4 Suppl 2010 Apr Crit. Care Med. Influenza epidemiology--past, present, and future. e1-9 In April 2009, Mexican, American, and Canadian authorities announced that a novel influenza virus with pandemic potential had been identified in large segments of the population. Within weeks, it became apparent that the world was dealing with the first influenza pandemic in >40 yrs. Despite the unpredictable nature of influenza severity and spread in the pandemics of the 20th century, understanding the epidemiology of the past pandemics and current influenza pandemic will help prepare physicians, hospitals, and governments to predict and prepare for the subsequent waves and subsequent pandemics. We present a summary of the biology that predisposes influenza to cause sudden pandemics, as well as a summary of the epidemiology of the 20th century pandemics. We also report on the epidemiology, disease severity, and risk factors for severe disease and intensive care admission from the first wave of the current pandemic (April-August 2009). Last, we provide a mathematical model based on transmission dynamics of the H1N1 influenza virus that may provide some guidance in terms of disease incidence and hospital impact. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada. plagacewiens@sbgh.mb.ca Lagacé-Wiens Philippe R S PR Rubinstein Ethan E Gumel Abba A eng Historical Article Journal Article Review

United States Crit Care Med 0355501 0090-3493 0 Antigens, Viral 0 Antiviral Agents 0 Influenza Vaccines AIM IM Antigens, Viral immunology Antiviral Agents therapeutic use Disease Outbreaks history Drug Resistance, Viral History, 20th Century Humans Incidence Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype Influenza Vaccines Influenza, Human epidemiology history immunology Models, Biological World Health Organization 60 2009 12 24 6 0 2009 12 24 6 0 2010 4 22 6 0 ppublish 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cbaf34 20029350 19913290 2010 01 29 2010 02 23 2010 03 08

1474-547X 374 9707 2009 Dec 19 Lancet Infection and death from influenza A H1N1 virus in Mexico: a retrospective analysis. 2072-9 In April, 2009, the first cases of influenza A H1N1 were registered in Mexico and associated with an unexpected number of deaths. We report the timing and spread of H1N1 in cases, and explore protective and risk factors for infection, severe disease, and death. We analysed information gathered by the influenza surveillance system from April 28 to July 31, 2009, for patients with influenza-like illness who attended clinics that were part of the Mexican Institute for Social Security network. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) to compare risks of testing positive for H1N1 in those with influenza-like illness at clinic visits, the risk of admission for laboratory-confirmed cases of H1N1, and of death for inpatients according to demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, seasonal influenza vaccine status, and elapsed time from symptom onset to admission. By July 31, 63 479 cases of influenza-like illness were reported; 6945 (11%) cases of H1N1 were confirmed, 6407 (92%) were outpatients, 475 (7%) were admitted and survived, and 63 (<1%) died. Those aged 10-39 years were most affected (3922 [56%]). Mortality rates showed a J-shaped curve, with greatest risk in those aged 70 years and older (10.3%). Risk of infection was lowered in those who had been vaccinated for seasonal influenza (OR 0.65 [95% CI 0.55-0.77]). Delayed admission (1.19 [1.11-1.28] per day) and presence of chronic diseases (6.1 [2.37-15.99]) were associated with increased risk of dying. Risk communication and hospital preparedness are key factors to reduce mortality from H1N1 infection. Protective effects of seasonal influenza vaccination for the virus need to be investigated. None. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Dirección de Prestaciones Médicas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico. Echevarría-Zuno Santiago S Mejía-Aranguré Juan Manuel JM Mar-Obeso Alvaro J AJ Grajales-Muñiz Concepción C Robles-Pérez Eduardo E González-León Margot M Ortega-Alvarez Manuel Carlos MC Gonzalez-Bonilla Cesar C Rascón-Pacheco Ramón Alberto RA Borja-Aburto Víctor Hugo VH eng Journal Article 2009 11 11

England Lancet 2985213R 0140-6736 0 Influenza Vaccines AIM IM Lancet. 2009 Dec 19;374(9707):2032-3 19913291 Lancet. 2010 Mar 6;375(9717):801-2; author reply 802-3 20206765 Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Child Child, Preschool Chronic Disease Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza Vaccines Influenza, Human epidemiology mortality prevention & control Male Mexico epidemiology Middle Aged Retrospective Studies 2009 11 11 2009 11 17 6 0 2009 11 17 6 0 2010 2 24 6 0 ppublish S0140-6736(09)61638-X 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61638-X 19913290 19859851 2010 10 18 2011 01 13

1744-1706 5 6 2010 Nov Glob Public Health Northern Baja California Indian women's concepts of illness and healing: Implications for public health and clinical practitioners. 626-38 Lay health care workers (promotores) interviewed 313 female members of remote Indian groups in northern Baja California, Mexico regarding: (1) common childhood and adult illnesses and endorsement of 'traditional' and modern therapies; (2) illness causation beliefs and knowledge of biomedical principles; and (3) the relation of ethnic identity with concepts of effective biomedical and non-biomedical therapy. The most common illnesses/symptoms reported in adults were diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, cold/flu, diarrhoea, low/variable blood pressure and arthritis; and in children, cold/flu, diarrhoea, bronchitis, cough, fever, empacho and dehydration. Of 285 informants, more reported at least one childhood disorder than who reported at least one adult disorder was most helped by traditional therapy [83 (29.1%) versus 44 (15.4%); P<0.0001] and both therapies [81 (28.4%) versus 42 (14.7%); P<0.001]. They reported eight naturalistic and two personalistic illness causes and manifested variable biomedical knowledge. Indian or mixed Indian/Mexican ethnic self-identity predominated, and Indian identity was unrelated to endorsement of traditional therapy. The 'biocultural synthesis' is a useful theoretical framework for viewing the findings. The Indians' pluralistic concepts have important implications for public health care workers and biomedical practitioners. Department of Internal Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Plan, San Diego, CA, USA. George.F.Longstreth@kp.org Longstreth G F GF Wilken-Robertson M M eng Journal Article

England Glob Public Health 101256323 1744-1692 IM Acculturation Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Ethnic Groups Female Health Behavior ethnology Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Humans Indians, North American Medicine, Traditional Mexico Middle Aged Patient Acceptance of Health Care Women psychology Young Adult 2009 10 28 6 0 2009 10 28 6 0 2011 1 14 6 0 ppublish 916210081 10.1080/17441690903337326 19859851 19827433 2009 10 15 2009 12 07

1438-3276 151 19 2009 May 7 MMW Fortschr Med [Inquired of the President of the.Robert Koch Institute. How dangerous is Mexican influenza?]. 6 Hacker Jörg J ger Interview Nachgefragt beim Präsidenten des Robert Koch Instituts. Wie gefährlich wird die mexikanische Grippe?

Germany MMW Fortschr Med 100893959 1438-3276 0 Antiviral Agents 0 Enzyme Inhibitors 0 Oseltamivir 139110-80-8 Zanamivir IM Animals Antiviral Agents therapeutic use Disease Outbreaks Enzyme Inhibitors therapeutic use Germany epidemiology Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype isolation & purification Influenza, Human drug therapy epidemiology prevention & control Mexico epidemiology Orthomyxoviridae Infections epidemiology prevention & control Oseltamivir therapeutic use Swine microbiology World Health Organization Zanamivir therapeutic use 2009 10 16 6 0 2009 10 16 6 0 2009 12 16 6 0 ppublish 19827433 19797710 2009 11 30 2009 12 28

1530-8561 55 12 2009 Dec Clin. Chem. Library of prefabricated locked nucleic acid hydrolysis probes facilitates rapid development of reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection of novel influenza A/H1N1/09 virus. 2218-22 The emergence of a novel pandemic human strain of influenza A (H1N1/09) has clearly demonstrated the need for flexible tools enabling the rapid development of new diagnostic methods. We designed a set of reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assays based on the Universal ProbeLibrary (UPL)--a collection of 165 presynthesized, fluorescence-labeled locked nucleic acid (LNA) hydrolysis probes--specifically to detect the novel influenza A virus. We evaluated candidate primer/UPL-probe pairs with 28 novel influenza A/H1N1/09 patient samples of European and Mexican origin. Of 14 assays in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, 12 detected viral nucleic acids from diluted patient samples without need for further optimization. We characterized the diagnostic specificity of the 2 best-performing assays with a set of samples comprising various influenza virus strains of human and animal origin that showed no cross-reactivity. The diagnostic sensitivity of these 2 primer/probe combinations was in the range of 100-1000 genomic copies/mL. In comparison to a reference assay recommended by the German health authorities, the analytical sensitivities and specificities of the assays were equivalent. Facing the emergence of novel influenza A/H1N1/09, we were able to develop, within 2 days, a set of sensitive and specific RT-qPCR assays for the laboratory diagnosis of suspected cases. H1N1/09 served as a model to show the feasibility of the UPL approach for the expedited development of new diagnostic assays to detect emerging pathogens. Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. Wenzel Jürgen J JJ Walch Heiko H Bollwein Markus M Niller Hans Helmut HH Ankenbauer Waltraud W Mauritz Ralf R Höltke Hans-Joachim HJ Zepeda Héctor Manuel HM Wolf Hans H Jilg Wolfgang W Reischl Udo U eng Journal Article 2009 10 01

United States Clin Chem 9421549 0009-9147 0 Fluorescent Dyes 0 Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus 0 Nucleic Acid Probes 0 Oligonucleotides 0 locked nucleic acid EC 3.2.1.18 Neuraminidase IM Animals Cross Reactions Feasibility Studies Fluorescent Dyes chemistry Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus genetics Humans Hydrolysis Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype genetics isolation & purification Influenza, Human diagnosis virology Neuraminidase genetics Nucleic Acid Probes chemistry Oligonucleotides chemistry Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction methods Sensitivity and Specificity Virology methods 2009 10 1 2009 10 3 6 0 2009 10 3 6 0 2009 12 29 6 0 ppublish clinchem.2009.136192 10.1373/clinchem.2009.136192 19797710 19785813 2009 09 29 2009 12 11

1876-8784 153 2009 Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd [Mexican flu: public reaction to news coverage measured using an internet panel]. B420 To determine the reaction of the general public on the information regarding the Mexican flu. Online panel interview. From April 30 to May 4 2009, 572 people filled out an online questionnaire. 88% of the respondents had sufficient general knowledge about the Mexican flu. This information was mostly acquired by watching television (69%). More information was desired regarding the symptoms of the flu and those personal measures that could be taken to avoid infection. GGD Rotterdam-Rijnmond, The Netherlands. bultsm@ggd.rotterdam.nl Bults Marloes M Beaujean Desirée J M A DJ dut English Abstract Journal Article De Mexicaanse griep: reacties van het publiek op de berichtgeving, gemeten met een internetpanel.

Netherlands Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 0400770 0028-2162 IM Adolescent Adult Aged Female Health Education methods statistics & numerical data Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza, Human psychology Internet statistics & numerical data Male Middle Aged Questionnaires Young Adult 2009 9 30 6 0 2009 9 30 6 0 2009 12 16 6 0 ppublish 19785813 19785747 2009 10 23 2009 12 24 2010 09 27

1478-4505 7 2009 Health Res Policy Syst The influenza A(H1N1) epidemic in Mexico. Lessons learned. 21 Several influenza pandemics have taken place throughout history and it was assumed that the pandemic would emerge from a new human virus resulting from the adaptation of an avian virus strain. Mexico, since 2003 had developed a National Preparedness and Response Plan for an Influenza Pandemic focused in risk communication, health promotion, healthcare, epidemiological surveillance, strategic stockpile, research and development. This plan was challenged on April 2009, when a new influenza A(H1N1) strain of swine origen was detected in Mexico. The situation faced, the decisions and actions taken, allowed to control the first epidemic wave in the country. This document describes the critical moments faced and explicitly point out the lessons learned focused on the decided support by the government, the National Pandemic Influenza Plan, the coordination among all the government levels, the presence and solidarity of international organizations with timely and daily information, diagnosis and the positive effect on the population following the preventive hygienic measures recommended by the health authorities. The international community will be able to use the Mexican experience in the interest of global health. Mexican Ministry of Health, Mexico. jcordova@salud.gob.mx Córdova-Villalobos José A JA Sarti Elsa E Arzoz-Padrés Jacqueline J Manuell-Lee Gabriel G Méndez Josefina Romero JR Kuri-Morales Pablo P eng Journal Article 2009 09 28

England Health Res Policy Syst 101170481 1478-4505 Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jan;12(1):9-14 16494710 Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jan;12(1):15-22 16494711 Nature. 2006 Jul 27;442(7101):448-52 16642006 Hum Resour Health. 2005 Aug 11;3:7 16092972 PMC2765941 2009 7 3 2009 9 28 2009 9 28 2009 9 30 6 0 2009 9 30 6 0 2009 9 30 6 1 epublish 1478-4505-7-21 10.1186/1478-4505-7-21 19785747 PMC2765941 19774885 2009 09 24 2009 10 08 2009 11 11

0040-7453 134 17 2009 Sep 1 Tijdschr Diergeneeskd [Swine flu and Mexican flu: the role of the pig]. 712-4 Centraal Veterinair Instituut van Wageningen. Loeffen Willie W dut Journal Article Varkensgriep en Mexicaanse griep: de rol van het varken.

Netherlands Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 0031550 0040-7453 IM Animals Disease Outbreaks veterinary Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza, Human epidemiology transmission Orthomyxoviridae Infections epidemiology transmission veterinary Public Health Swine Swine Diseases epidemiology transmission virology Zoonoses 2009 9 25 6 0 2009 9 25 6 0 2009 10 9 6 0 ppublish 19774885 19768379 2010 01 29 2010 06 14

1439-0973 37 5 2009 Oct Infection An influenza A H1N1 virus revival - pandemic H1N1/09 virus. 381-9 In April 2009, a novel H1N1 influenza A virus, the so-called pandemic H1N1/09 virus (former designations include swine influenza, novel influenza, swine-origin influenza A [H1N1] virus [S-OIV], Mexican flu, North American Flu) was identified in Mexico. The virus has since spread throughout the world and caused an influenza pandemic as defined by the criteria of the World Health Organization. This represents the first influenza A virus pandemic since the emergence of H3N2 (''Hong Kong'' Flu) in 1968. Vaccine production has started, and vaccines are expected to become available during the course of 2009. Although the pandemic H1N1/09 virus originates from the triple-reassortant swine influenza (H1) virus circulating in North American pigs, it is not epidemic in pigs. Although the H1N1/09 virus pandemic is currently mild, concerns remain that it may become more aggressive during spreading. The distribution of proper information to the public on the status of the H1N1/09 virus pandemic will be important to achieve a broad awareness of the potential risks and the optimum code of behavior during the pandemic. Here, the features of pandemic H1N1/09 virus are discussed within the framework of knowledge gained from previous influenza A virus pandemics. Institute for Medical Virology, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University Clinic, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Michaelis M M Doerr H W HW Cinatl J J Jr eng Journal Article Review 2009 09 18

Germany Infection 0365307 0300-8126 0 Antiviral Agents 0 Viral Proteins 0 Virulence Factors IM Antiviral Agents therapeutic use Disease Outbreaks Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype drug effects genetics isolation & purification pathogenicity Influenza, Human drug therapy epidemiology transmission virology Viral Proteins Virulence Factors 47 2009 5 27 2009 8 24 2009 9 18 2009 9 22 6 0 2009 9 22 6 0 2010 6 15 6 0 ppublish 10.1007/s15010-009-9181-5 19768379 19759500 2009 09 17 2009 11 30

1972-2680 3 5 2009 J Infect Dev Ctries On the spread of the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus in Mexico. 327-30 A novel influenza A H1N1 virus of swine origin is responsible for the influenza epidemic affecting Mexico, the United States of America (USA), and 39 other countries. While the origin of this emerging pathogen remains uncertain, an increase in the reported incidence of respiratory diseases was noted during March 2009 at the town of La Gloria, in the southeastern state of Veracruz, Mexico. So far, this is the first community in which a case of novel influenza A H1N1 virus has been identified. Further cases were rapidly detected in other areas of Mexico and elsewhere. Initially, the atypical respiratory disease outbreak caused great uncertainty posing a challenge to the Mexican health system. Control measures such as social distancing, timely medical care, and personal hygiene have so far proven effective in containing the outbreak, resulting in a decline of the number of new cases. To the best of our knowledge, it appears that the virus might not be as virulent or contagious as previously thought. Here we provide a description of the influenza epidemic spread in Mexico. As the virus disseminates worldwide, there is concern about the possibility of a new reassortment resulting in a more pathogenic strain that will pose a threat for every country. The influenza epidemic provided lessons that underscore the importance of epidemiologic surveillance and preparedness. Further investigation to address questions about this new virus and conditions for its spread is warranted. Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico. mlopez14@unam.mx López-Cervantes Malaquías M Venado Aida A Moreno Andrés A Pacheco-Domínguez Reyna L RL Ortega-Pierres Guadalupe G eng Journal Article Review 2009 06 01

Italy J Infect Dev Ctries 101305410 1972-2680 IM Animals Disease Outbreaks Female Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype isolation & purification Influenza, Human epidemiology virology Male Mexico epidemiology 20 2009 5 21 2009 9 18 6 0 2009 9 18 6 0 2009 12 16 6 0 epublish 19759500 19742302 2009 09 10 2010 02 01

1932-6203 4 9 2009 PLoS ONE Use of cumulative incidence of novel influenza A/H1N1 in foreign travelers to estimate lower bounds on cumulative incidence in Mexico. e6895 An accurate estimate of the total number of cases and severity of illness of an emerging infectious disease is required both to define the burden of the epidemic and to determine the severity of disease. When a novel pathogen first appears, affected individuals with severe symptoms are more likely to be diagnosed. Accordingly, the total number of cases will be underestimated and disease severity overestimated. This problem is manifest in the current epidemic of novel influenza A/H1N1. We used a simple approach to leverage measures of incident influenza A/H1N1 among a relatively small and well observed group of US, UK, Spanish and Canadian travelers who had visited Mexico to estimate the incidence among a much larger and less well surveyed population of Mexican residents. We estimate that a minimum of 113,000 to 375,000 cases of novel influenza A/H1N1 have occurred in Mexicans during the month of April, 2009. Such an estimate serves as a lower bound because it does not account for underreporting of cases in travelers or for nonrandom mixing between Mexican residents and visitors, which together could increase the estimates by more than an order of magnitude. We find that the number of cases in Mexican residents may exceed the number of confirmed cases by two to three orders of magnitude. While the extent of disease spread is greater than previously appreciated, our estimate suggests that severe disease is uncommon since the total number of cases is likely to be much larger than those of confirmed cases. Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America. Lipsitch Marc M Lajous Martin M O'Hagan Justin J JJ Cohen Ted T Miller Joel C JC Goldstein Edward E Danon Leon L Wallinga Jacco J Riley Steven S Dowell Scott F SF Reed Carrie C McCarron Meg M eng 5U01GM076497 GM NIGMS NIH HHS United States R01 TW008246-01 TW FIC NIH HHS United States Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2009 09 09

United States PLoS One 101285081 1932-6203 IM Science. 2009 Jun 19;324(5934):1557-61 19433588 Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 May;9(5):291-300 19393959 Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Aug;14(8):1193-9 18680641 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Mar 25;105(12):4639-44 18332436 JAMA. 2003 Jan 8;289(2):179-86 12517228 Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Sep 1;162(5):479-86 16076827 Am J Epidemiol. 1979 Jul;110(1):1-6 463858 Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2004 Jul 29;359(1447):1091-105 15306395 Salud Publica Mex. 2006 Sep-Oct;48(5):379-84 17063821 Canada Disease Outbreaks Great Britain Humans Incidence Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype genetics Influenza, Human epidemiology virology Length of Stay Mexico Population Surveillance Spain Travel United States World Health PMC2731883 2009 5 21 2009 7 27 2009 9 9 2009 9 11 6 0 2009 9 11 6 0 2010 2 2 6 0 epublish 10.1371/journal.pone.0006895 19742302 PMC2731883 21462392 2011 04 01

1750-2659 3 5 2009 Sep Influenza Other Respi Viruses With reference to Mexican flu. 203 de Lamballerie Xavier X Gould Ernest A EA eng Letter

England Influenza Other Respi Viruses 101304007 1750-2640 IM 2011 4 5 6 0 2009 9 1 0 0 2009 9 1 0 0 ppublish 21462392 19711843 2009 08 28 2009 10 16

0235-2990 54 3-4 2009 Antibiot. Khimioter. [In vitro efficacy of ingavirin against the Mexican pandemic subtype H1N1 of influenza A virus, strains A/California/04/2009 and A/California/07/2009]. 15-7 Ingavirin was shown to be efficient in inhibition of the influenza virus strains A/California/04/2009 and A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) in the MDCK cell culture. The coefficient of the cytopathic activity inhibition amounted to 50 and 60%, and the inhibition coefficients of the specific hemagglutinin formation were 50 and 50%, and 79,1 and 75% before and after the enrichment in chick embryos respectively. Loginova S Ia SIa Borisevich S V SV Lykov M V MV Vedenina E V EV Borisevich G V GV Bondarev V P VP Nebol'sin V E VE Chuchalin A G AG rus English Abstract Journal Article

Russia (Federation) Antibiot Khimioter 8803688 0235-2990 0 Amides 0 Antiviral Agents 0 Dicarboxylic Acids 0 Imidazoles 0 pentanedioic acid imidazolyl ethanamide IM Amides pharmacology Animals Antiviral Agents pharmacology Cell Line Chick Embryo Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral drug effects Dicarboxylic Acids pharmacology Disease Outbreaks Dogs Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests Humans Imidazoles pharmacology Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype drug effects physiology Influenza, Human epidemiology virology Mexico epidemiology Orthomyxoviridae Infections epidemiology virology Virus Replication drug effects 2009 8 29 9 0 2009 8 29 9 0 2009 10 17 6 0 ppublish 19711843 19651387 2009 08 04 2009 10 22

1526-0550 10 3 2009 Sep Paediatr Respir Rev Human swine influenza A [H1N1]: practical advice for clinicians early in the pandemic. 154-8 The influenza pandemic the world was waiting for may have arrived, but the early indications are that the first wave of human swine influenza A [H1N1], also referred to as H1N1 Mexico 09 or "swine flu", is highly transmissible but of no greater virulence than seasonal influenza to date. The new swine flu H1N1 virus is a mixture of avian, porcine and human influenza RNA. With twenty thousand confirmed cases worldwide and 117 deaths within 7 weeks of the first acknowledgement of a possible pandemic by Mexican and WHO experts, the mortality rate is less than 0.1% and the majority of deaths centred upon the origin of the epidemic in Mexico [83%]. Swine flu is thus far a relatively mild illness seen predominantly in those who are healthy and under 25 years of age, perhaps reflecting protection from previous human influenza exposure in older people. As the virus spreads internationally, border protection issues have surfaced and public health initiatives are being progressively rolled out to minimise the transmission. Vaccines are being developed which will be trialled in the coming months with a likely availability by August 2009, in time for the northern hemisphere autumn and winter. Vigilance without alarm appears to be the recommendation so far. The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia. Fitzgerald Dominic A DA eng Journal Article Review 2009 07 16

England Paediatr Respir Rev 100898941 1526-0542 0 Antiviral Agents 0 Oseltamivir 0 Viral Vaccines IM Antiviral Agents administration & dosage therapeutic use Caregivers Child Disease Outbreaks Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza, Human diagnosis epidemiology prevention & control transmission Internet Oseltamivir administration & dosage therapeutic use Public Health Viral Vaccines 23 2009 7 16 2009 8 5 9 0 2009 8 5 9 0 2009 10 23 6 0 ppublish S1526-0542(09)00046-3 10.1016/j.prrv.2009.06.005 19651387 19623785 2009 07 23 2009 08 26 2011 01 07

0002-5151 56 3 2009 May-Jun Rev Alerg Mex Identification of influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus during rhinopharyngitis in a group of Mexican children with asthma and wheezing. 86-91 Viral infections can promote allergic sensitization in genetically susceptible individuals. Besides, they are the main cause of wheezing in children. To assess the frequency with which influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause rhinopharyngitis in patients with asthma and wheezing. Longitudinal, prospective study in which 168 patients with asthma and wheezing, who attended the outpatient allergy clinic of the National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico, during the spring (from April through June), with clinical signs and symptoms of rhinopharyngitis were included. Samples of nasal secretions were taken with a long swab, and identification of RSV, adenovirus, infuenza A and B and parainfluenzae 1, 2 and 3 by means of direct immunofluorescence (DI) was carried out. Samples of nasal secretions were taken in 100 children with asthma and 68 with wheezing, aged 2-17 years. Viral identification was positive in 75% and 44.1% of the patients, respectively. By age group, RSV predominated among children in preschool age; and influenza A among children in school age and adolescents. Influenza A, adenovirus and parinfluenza 3 were identified more frequently in asthmatic children, whereas influenza A and RSV in patients with wheezing. Coinfection of two viruses was found in 17.1% of all patients with positive DI; the most frequent association was parainfluenza 1 and 2. Viral identification by means of DI is a fast and non-invasive technique that could favor the early beginning of antiviral treatments in children with asthma and wheezing. National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico. apiger3@yahoo.com.mx López Pérez Gerardo G Morfín Maciel Blanca María BM Navarrete Natividad N Aguirre Adriana A eng Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Mexico Rev Alerg Mex 9438824 IM Adenovirus Infections, Human epidemiology Adenoviruses, Human isolation & purification Adolescent Asthma epidemiology virology Child Child, Preschool Comorbidity Female Humans Influenza, Human epidemiology Male Mexico epidemiology Nasal Cavity virology Orthomyxoviridae isolation & purification Paramyxoviridae Infections epidemiology Paramyxovirinae isolation & purification Pharyngitis epidemiology virology Prospective Studies Respiratory Sounds etiology Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections epidemiology Respiratory Syncytial Viruses isolation & purification Respirovirus Infections epidemiology Rhinitis epidemiology virology Rubulavirus Infections epidemiology 2009 7 24 9 0 2009 7 25 9 0 2009 8 27 9 0 ppublish 19623785 19618630 2009 07 21 2009 08 18

0253-1933 28 1 2009 Apr Rev. - Off. Int. Epizoot. Avian influenza in Mexico. 261-5 The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 in Mexico in 1994 led to a clear increase in biosecurity measures and improvement of intensive poultry production systems. The control and eradication measures implemented were based on active surveillance, disease detection, depopulation of infected farms and prevention of possible contacts (identified by epidemiological investigations), improvement of biosecurity measures, and restriction of the movement of live birds, poultry products, by-products and infected material. In addition, Mexico introduced a massive vaccination programme, which resulted in the eradication of HPAI in a relatively short time in two affected areas that had a high density of commercial poultry. Animal Health Directorate, Mexican National Services for Food Safety and Quality and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food, Mexico. coor.tec@senasica.sagarpa.gob.mx Villarreal C C eng Journal Article Review

France Rev Sci Tech 8712301 0253-1933 0 Vaccines IM Animals Communicable Disease Control economics methods Emergencies economics epidemiology veterinary Humans Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype immunology pathogenicity Influenza in Birds economics epidemiology prevention & control Influenza, Human prevention & control Mexico epidemiology Poultry Vaccination economics veterinary Vaccines classification 3 2009 7 22 9 0 2009 7 22 9 0 2009 8 19 9 0 ppublish 19618630 19564633 2009 08 13 2009 08 19

1533-4406 361 7 2009 Aug 13 N. Engl. J. Med. Severe respiratory disease concurrent with the circulation of H1N1 influenza. 674-9 In the spring of 2009, an outbreak of severe pneumonia was reported in conjunction with the concurrent isolation of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV), widely known as swine flu, in Mexico. Influenza A (H1N1) subtype viruses have rarely predominated since the 1957 pandemic. The analysis of epidemic pneumonia in the absence of routine diagnostic tests can provide information about risk factors for severe disease from this virus and prospects for its control. From March 24 to April 29, 2009, a total of 2155 cases of severe pneumonia, involving 821 hospitalizations and 100 deaths, were reported to the Mexican Ministry of Health. During this period, of the 8817 nasopharyngeal specimens that were submitted to the National Epidemiological Reference Laboratory, 2582 were positive for S-OIV. We compared the age distribution of patients who were reported to have severe pneumonia with that during recent influenza epidemics to document an age shift in rates of death and illness. During the study period, 87% of deaths and 71% of cases of severe pneumonia involved patients between the ages of 5 and 59 years, as compared with average rates of 17% and 32%, respectively, in that age group during the referent periods. Features of this epidemic were similar to those of past influenza pandemics in that circulation of the new influenza virus was associated with an off-season wave of disease affecting a younger population. During the early phase of this influenza pandemic, there was a sudden increase in the rate of severe pneumonia and a shift in the age distribution of patients with such illness, which was reminiscent of past pandemics and suggested relative protection for persons who were exposed to H1N1 strains during childhood before the 1957 pandemic. If resources or vaccine supplies are limited, these findings suggest a rationale for focusing prevention efforts on younger populations. 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society Division of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Chowell Gerardo G Bertozzi Stefano M SM Colchero M Arantxa MA Lopez-Gatell Hugo H Alpuche-Aranda Celia C Hernandez Mauricio M Miller Mark A MA eng Comparative Study Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2009 06 29

United States N Engl J Med 0255562 0028-4793 AIM IM Adolescent Adult Age Distribution Aged Aged, 80 and over Child Child, Preschool Female Humans Infant Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype classification isolation & purification Influenza, Human complications virology Male Mexico epidemiology Middle Aged Nasopharynx virology Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology mortality virology Young Adult 2009 6 29 2009 7 1 9 0 2009 7 1 9 0 2009 8 20 9 0 ppublish NEJMoa0904023 10.1056/NEJMoa0904023 19564633 19556050 2009 07 06 2009 11 04 2009 12 11

1579-2129 45 7 2009 Jul Arch. Bronconeumol. [Respiratory medicine and the new A/H1N1 flu: from a Mexican point of view]. 313-4 Pérez-Padilla Rogelio R Torre-Bouscoulet Luis L spa Editorial La medicina respiratoria y la nueva gripe A/H1N1: la visión desde México. 2009 06 24

Spain Arch Bronconeumol 0354720 0300-2896 IM Arch Bronconeumol. 2009 Oct;45(10):524 19758740 Disease Outbreaks prevention & control Emergencies Fear Health Policy Health Services Needs and Demand Humans Hygiene Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype immunology pathogenicity Influenza, Human epidemiology prevention & control psychology Mass Media Mexico epidemiology Public Health Administration Public Opinion Pulmonary Medicine Virulence World Health Organization 2009 5 20 2009 5 28 2009 5 29 2009 6 24 2009 6 27 9 0 2009 6 27 9 0 2009 11 5 6 0 ppublish S0300-2896(09)00261-0 10.1016/j.arbres.2009.05.012 19556050 19526981 2009 06 16 2009 08 04

1660-9379 5 203 2009 May 13 Rev Med Suisse [What to call it? Swine, Mexican or American flu?]. 1083 jeanyves.nau@gmail.com Nau Jean-Yves JY fre Journal Article Alors, "porcine", "mexicaine" ou "(A)méricaine"?

Switzerland Rev Med Suisse 101219148 1660-9379 IM Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza, Human Terminology as Topic 2009 6 17 9 0 2009 6 17 9 0 2009 8 6 9 0 ppublish 19526981 19526445 2009 06 15 2009 08 26

1439-1074 44 6 2009 Jun Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther [Hospital hygiene - Influenza]. 418-9 Influenza is a severe, febrile disease of the airways that occurs epidemically in the winter months. It is caused by influenza viruses. In cycles of about 30 years, these seasonal epidemics progress to pandemics with high numbers of infections and deaths worldwide. In order to prevent just this situation, so-called pandemic plans have been developed worldwide. Besides vaccination, general hygienic precautions and antiviral therapies are the most important measures in the management of influenza. We can only wait and see whether or not the newly appeared H1N1 variant of the influenza virus A (Mexican flu, swine flu) will actually turn out to be a new worldwide pandemic. Klinik für Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg. Kerwat Klaus K Eickmann Markus M Becker Stephan S Wulf Hinnerk H ger English Abstract Journal Article Review Krankenhaushygiene--Influenza. 2009 06 12

Germany Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 9109478 0939-2661 0 Influenza Vaccines IM Disease Outbreaks prevention & control statistics & numerical data Humans Hygiene Incidence Influenza Vaccines therapeutic use Influenza, Human epidemiology prevention & control 5 2009 6 12 2009 6 16 9 0 2009 6 16 9 0 2009 8 27 9 0 ppublish 10.1055/s-0029-1225749 19526445 19457254 2009 06 08 2009 08 28 2009 11 18

1745-6150 4 2009 Biol. Direct Mapping the sequence mutations of the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus neuraminidase relative to drug and antibody binding sites. 18; discussion 18 In this work, we study the consequences of sequence variations of the "2009 H1N1" (swine or Mexican flu) influenza A virus strain neuraminidase for drug treatment and vaccination. We find that it is phylogenetically more closely related to European H1N1 swine flu and H5N1 avian flu rather than to the H1N1 counterparts in the Americas. Homology-based 3D structure modeling reveals that the novel mutations are preferentially located at the protein surface and do not interfere with the active site. The latter is the binding cavity for 3 currently used neuraminidase inhibitors: oseltamivir (Tamiflu), zanamivir (Relenza) and peramivir; thus, the drugs should remain effective for treatment. However, the antigenic regions of the neuraminidase relevant for vaccine development, serological typing and passive antibody treatment can differ from those of previous strains and already vary among patients. REVIEWERS: This article was reviewed by Sandor Pongor and L. Aravind. Biomolecular Function Discovery Division, Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore. sebastianms@bii.a-star.edu.sg Maurer-Stroh Sebastian S Ma Jianmin J Lee Raphael Tze Chuen RT Sirota Fernanda L FL Eisenhaber Frank F eng Journal Article 2009 05 20

England Biol Direct 101258412 1745-6150 0 Antibodies, Viral 0 Antiviral Agents EC 3.2.1.18 Neuraminidase IM Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009 May;16(5):726-32 19321691 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 May 1;58(16):433-5 19407738 Science. 2009 May 1;324(5927):572-3 19407164 Nature. 2009 Apr 30;458(7242):1082-3 19407756 Bioinformatics. 2009 May 1;25(9):1189-91 19151095 PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e5022 19325912 J Biol Chem. 2008 Dec 5;283(49):33826-37 18849342 J Virol. 2008 Nov;82(21):10493-501 18715929 Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Sep;14(9):1470-2 18760023 Nature. 2008 Jun 26;453(7199):1258-61 18480754 Brief Bioinform. 2008 Jul;9(4):299-306 18417537 Methods Mol Biol. 2008;426:145-59 18542861 Bioinformatics. 2008 Jan 15;24(2):290-2 18056067 Virus Genes. 2007 Oct;35(2):161-5 17429716 Virus Genes. 2007 Aug;35(1):33-40 17019634 Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2007 Apr;8(2):197-203 17430201 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 2;104(1):246-51 17200302 Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1067 17110548 Nature. 2006 Sep 7;443(7107):45-9 16915235 Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 1;22(13):1658-9 16731699 J Mol Biol. 2006 Feb 24;356(3):651-63 16384583 J Virol. 2005 Nov;79(21):13673-84 16227287 Science. 2005 Oct 7;310(5745):77-80 16210530 Nucleic Acids Res. 2005;33(2):511-8 15661851 Science. 1999 Oct 8;286(5438):295-9 10514373 Trends Biochem Sci. 1998 Nov;23(11):444-7 9852764 J Gen Virol. 1997 Dec;78 ( Pt 12):3233-45 9400974 J Gen Virol. 1997 Mar;78 ( Pt 3):553-62 9049404 J Virol. 1996 Sep;70(9):6508-15 8709291 J Virol. 1996 Feb;70(2):873-9 8551626 Structure. 1994 Aug 15;2(8):733-46 7994573 J Mol Biol. 1992 Sep 5;227(1):149-59 1522584 J Virol. 1992 Aug;66(8):4647-53 1378505 Virology. 1990 Nov;179(1):51-6 2219738 Virology. 1982 May;119(1):109-21 7072153 FEBS Lett. 1983 Mar 7;153(1):29-33 6337877 Biochem J. 1982 Oct 1;207(1):91-5 7181865 J Struct Funct Genomics. 2003;4(2-3):159-66 14649300 Arch Virol. 2003 Apr;148(4):793-802 12664301 Rev Med Virol. 2002 May-Jun;12(3):159-66 11987141 Proteins. 2002 May 15;47(3):393-402 11948792 Virology. 2001 Apr 10;282(2):301-6 11289812 Virology. 2000 Oct 25;276(2):417-23 11040132 J Virol. 2000 Jul;74(14):6538-45 10864667 Amino Acid Sequence Antibodies, Viral immunology Antiviral Agents pharmacology Binding Sites Conserved Sequence Genetic Variation drug effects Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype drug effects enzymology genetics immunology Models, Molecular Molecular Sequence Data Mutation genetics Neuraminidase chemistry genetics immunology Phylogeny Protein Processing, Post-Translational drug effects Protein Structure, Tertiary Sequence Alignment Sequence Analysis, Protein Surface Properties drug effects PMC2691737 2009 5 13 2009 5 20 2009 5 20 2009 5 22 9 0 2009 5 22 9 0 2009 8 29 9 0 epublish 1745-6150-4-18 10.1186/1745-6150-4-18 19457254 PMC2691737 19442405 2009 05 15 2009 08 19 2009 10 13

1560-7917 14 19 2009 May 14 Euro Surveill. Why are Mexican data important? 19212 Coulombier D D Giesecke J J eng Comment Editorial 2009 05 14

Sweden Euro Surveill 100887452 1025-496X IM Euro Surveill. 2009 May 14;14(19). pii: 19205 19442402 Disease Outbreaks statistics & numerical data Humans Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype genetics isolation & purification pathogenicity Influenza, Human epidemiology transmission virology Mexico Mutation Pneumonia, Viral virology Population Surveillance methods Public Health 2009 5 16 9 0 2009 5 16 9 0 2009 8 20 9 0 epublish 19442405 18218105 2008 03 03 2008 03 20 2009 11 19

1743-422X 5 2008 Virol. J. Avian influenza: genetic evolution under vaccination pressure. 15 Antigenic drift of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has been observed in chickens after extended vaccination program, similar to those observed with human influenza viruses. To evaluate the evolutionary properties of endemic AIV under high vaccination pressure (around 2 billion doses used in the last 12 years), we performed a pilot phylogenic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of AIVs isolated from 1994 to 2006. This study demonstrates that Mexican low pathogenicity (LP) H5N2-AIVs are constantly undergoing genetic drifts. Recent AIV isolates (2002-2006) show significant molecular drifts when compared with the H5N2 vaccine-strain or other field isolates (1994-2000). This study also demonstrates that molecular drifts in the HA gene lineages follow a yearly trend, suggesting gradually cumulative sequence mutations. These findings might explain the increasing incidence of LP H5N2 AIV isolated from commercial avian farms. These findings support recent concerns about the challenge of AIV antigenic drift and influenza epidemics. Departamento de Producción Animal Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DF 04510, México. magdaescorcia@exalumno.unam.mx Escorcia Magdalena M Vázquez Lourdes L Méndez Sara T ST Rodríguez-Ropón Andrea A Lucio Eduardo E Nava Gerardo M GM eng Journal Article 2008 01 24

England Virol J 101231645 1743-422X 0 Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus 0 Influenza Vaccines 0 hemagglutinin, avian influenza A virus IM Avian Pathol. 2006 Apr;35(2):93-8 16595299 Vaccine. 2007 Sep 28;25(39-40):6852-62 17719149 J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Mar;33(3):748-51 7751390 J Virol. 2001 May;75(9):4439-43 11287597 Vet Microbiol. 2000 May 22;74(1-2):165-72 10799788 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Nov 23;96(24):14001-6 10570188 Avian Dis. 2003;47(3 Suppl):1002-5 14575101 J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Nov;39(11):4097-102 11682536 Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Dec 15;25(24):4876-82 9396791 J Virol. 2004 Aug;78(15):8372-81 15254209 Virology. 2006 Jan 20;344(2):432-8 16226289 Dev Biol (Basel). 2006;124:117-24 16447502 Virology. 2006 Jun 20;350(1):137-45 16545416 Animals Chickens Endemic Diseases veterinary Evolution, Molecular Genetic Drift Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus genetics Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype classification genetics isolation & purification Influenza Vaccines immunology Influenza in Birds epidemiology immunology virology Mexico epidemiology Phylogeny Selection, Genetic Sequence Analysis, DNA PMC2259324 2007 12 05 2008 1 24 2008 1 24 2008 1 26 9 0 2008 3 21 9 0 2008 1 26 9 0 epublish 1743-422X-5-15 10.1186/1743-422X-5-15 18218105 PMC2259324 16157552 2005 09 13 2005 10 24

0022-2615 54 Pt 10 2005 Oct J. Med. Microbiol. Human metapneumovirus infections in Mexico: epidemiological and clinical characteristics. 969-74 The human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently described respiratory RNA virus that mainly affects children. To date there has not been a report that describes the detection of this virus in Mexico. This study was performed to detect hMPV in hospitalized Mexican children with respiratory infections, and describe their epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Nasal wash samples from 558 children younger than 3 years of age with the admission diagnosis of a respiratory tract infection were evaluated. Respiratory viruses were detected in 221 children [respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 193 (34.6 %); influenza virus, 13 (2.3 %); parainfluenza viruses, 15 (2.7 %)]. Respiratory secretions of 323 children in whom the presence of these viruses was excluded (131 admitted during the 2002-2003 respiratory season and 192 during the 2003-2004 season) were tested for hMPV infection. The hMPV genome was detected in 34 specimens by amplification using real-time RT-PCR. Sequencing of amplicons and phylogenetic analysis indicated the predominance of genotype A hMPV. The months with the highest number of hMPV detections were February and March. During the 2002-2003 season hMPV activity peaked after the RSV season. During the 2003-2004 season hMPV and RSV epidemics occurred simultaneously. The clinical presentation of an hMPV infection was indistinguishable from other respiratory infections. Except for one death, the outcomes of the hMPV infections were good. In this study, among the viruses routinely tested for, hMPV was the second most common agent, after RSV, in children younger than 3 years of age hospitalized with respiratory tract infections. Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida V. Carranza 2405, Col. Los Filtros, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Noyola Daniel E DE Alpuche-Solís Angel G AG Herrera-Díaz Areli A Soria-Guerra Ruth E RE Sánchez-Alvarado Josefina J López-Revilla Rubén R eng Journal Article

England J Med Microbiol 0224131 0022-2615 0 RNA, Viral IM Child, Preschool Genotype Hospitalization Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Metapneumovirus classification genetics isolation & purification Mexico epidemiology Nasal Lavage Fluid virology Orthomyxoviridae isolation & purification Paramyxoviridae Infections epidemiology mortality virology Phylogeny RNA, Viral analysis Respiratory Syncytial Viruses isolation & purification Respiratory Tract Infections epidemiology virology Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Seasons Sequence Analysis, DNA Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid 2005 9 15 9 0 2005 10 26 9 0 2005 9 15 9 0 ppublish 54/10/969 10.1099/jmm.0.46052-0 16157552 16104466 2005 08 17 2005 10 24 2006 11 15

0036-3634 47 3 2005 May-Jun Salud Publica Mex [Influenza vaccination in the elderly population in Mexico: economic considerations]. 234-9 To estimate costs and health outcomes that could be attained by an influenza vaccination program in adults 65 years of age and older in Mexico. Between June and October 2004, a model was constructed to estimate the number of life years lost due to influenza and the fraction that could be prevented by vaccination among adults 65 years of age and older. The model also allowed the estimation of the net cost of a vaccination program, including both the cost of delivering the vaccine and savings from prevented infections and their treatment costs. Using two scenarios of vaccine effectiveness, between 7 454 and 11 169 life years could saved by the vaccine if given to all adults 65 years and older in Mexico, with a net cost per life year saved between 13 301 and 21 037 Mexican pesos (about dollar 1 210 and dollar 1 910 US dollars). Influenza vaccination among the elderly in Mexico would result in savings per life year saved well below the Mexican gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, suggesting, even without examining alternative uses for these resources, that this is a cost effective intervention in Mexico and probably also in other middle-income developing countries. División de Economía y Políticas de la Salud, Centro de Investigación en Sistemas de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. jpgutier@insp.mx Gutiérrez Juan Pablo JP Bertozzi Stefano M SM spa English Abstract Journal Article Vacunación contra influenza para adultos mayores en México: consideraciones económicas.

Mexico Salud Publica Mex 0404371 0036-3634 0 Influenza Vaccines IM Aged Aged, 80 and over Cost-Benefit Analysis Costs and Cost Analysis Delivery of Health Care economics Drug Costs Female Health Care Costs Humans Influenza Vaccines economics Influenza, Human economics mortality prevention & control Life Expectancy Male Mexico Quality-Adjusted Life Years Vaccination economics 2005 8 18 9 0 2005 10 26 9 0 2005 8 18 9 0 ppublish 16104466 9079578 1997 06 12 1997 06 12 2007 11 14

1090-1981 24 2 1997 Apr Health Educ Behav The role of germs and viruses in children's theories of AIDS (or, AIDS are not Band-Aids). 191-200 The development of knowledge of germs and viruses in relation to AIDS and flu was examined in a predominantly Mexican American sample of children aged 8-9, 10-11, and 12-13. Children progressed with age from identifying the disease agent for these diseases as a nondescript germ or something other than a germ to implicating a disease-specific germ or virus. Parallel age trends in mastery of the two diseases were observed; gender and ethnic differences were minimal. Solid command of germ and virus concepts in relation to AIDS was associated with more casually sophisticated understanding of the disease but not with more accurate knowledge of modes of HIV transmission. Grasp of flu germ/virus concepts did not contribute to greater understanding or knowledge of AIDS. Overall, children seem predisposed to construct a germ theory of an unfamiliar disease such as AIDS but need help in differentiating between one germ and another. George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. carol@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Sigelman C K CK Alfeld-Liro C C Lewin C B CB Derenowski E B EB Woods T T eng HD27472 HD NICHD NIH HHS United States Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

UNITED STATES Health Educ Behav 9704962 1090-1981 IM X Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome prevention & control psychology transmission Child Curriculum Female HIV Health Education Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Humans Influenza, Human prevention & control psychology transmission Male Mexican Americans education psychology Risk Factors 1997 4 1 1997 4 1 0 1 1997 4 1 0 0 ppublish 9079578 8625713 1996 06 21 1996 06 21 2007 11 14

0009-3920 67 2 1996 Apr Child Dev Mexican-American and Anglo-American children's responsiveness to a theory-centered AIDS education program. 253-66 Third, fifth, and seventh graders, most of them Mexican-American, were exposed to an empirically based and culturally sensitive AIDS curriculum designed to replace their intuitive theories with a coherent, scientific account of the causal processes that lead from risk behavior to AIDS symptomatology. Compared to students in control classes, experimental students knew more about AIDS risk factors and AIDS generally, displayed more conceptual understanding of the causes of AIDS and flu, and were more willing to interact with people who have AIDS (although not less worried about AIDS) at posttest and typically at follow-up 10-11 months later. The findings point to the potential value of adopting an intuitive theories approach in assessing and modifying children's concepts of health and illness and suggest, contrary to Piagetian formulations, that even relatively young children can, with appropriate instruction, grasp scientific theories of disease. Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA. carol@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu Sigelman C C Derenowski E E Woods T T Mukai T T Alfeld-Liro C C Durazo O O Maddock A A eng HD27472 HD NICHD NIH HHS United States Clinical Trial Comparative Study Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

UNITED STATES Child Dev 0372725 0009-3920 IM X Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome etiology prevention & control Arizona Child Child Development Cultural Characteristics Curriculum European Continental Ancestry Group education Female Follow-Up Studies Health Education organization & administration Humans Male Mexican Americans education Program Evaluation Questionnaires Risk Factors School Health Services organization & administration 1996 4 1 1996 4 1 0 1 1996 4 1 0 0 ppublish 8625713 2669835 1989 10 11 1989 10 11 2006 11 15

0539-6115 46 7 1989 Jul Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex [Coccidioidomycosis in children]. 507-14 Coccidioides immitis is the cause of coccidioidomycosis, the fungus has been found extensively in the Southwestern United States, and Mexico, and certain areas of Central and South America. Some climatic conditions, such as hot summers with little winter frost, combined with arid, alkaline soils produce ideal circumstances for preservation of the arthroconidia. Children and other human groups are infected by dustbone arthroconidia or by contact with infected soils. There has been limited epidemics of infantile coccidioidomycosis, however, only very few have been verified as to the source of the outbreak by the soil-culture of the fungus. The primary pulmonary infection is usually asymptomatic, but it may resemble influenza with cough, fever, and chest pain. Chronic pulmonary lesions are rare in children. Erythema multiforme an erythema nodosum have been described, namely in females. Arthralgias occurs in some patients. The disseminated form is similar to tuberculosis with lungs, lymph nodes, bones, joints, abdominal organs and skin being the frequently affected sites. Meningitis and limited dissemination to one of few sites is more common in mexican children than adults. Serologic tests are very useful in moderate to severe illnesses. Precipitins can be easily detected by immunodifusion. Higher and persistent complement fixation titers are observed in severe and disseminated infection. Conversion of a skin test with coccidioidin or spherulin from negative to positive strongly suggest coccidioidomycosis. Most cases do not require treatment, but amphotericin B or ketoconazol, are the standard therapy in severe pulmonary disease or disseminated forms, and surgery has been advocated for localized, persistent or drug-resistant, progressive lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Carrada-Bravo T T spa English Abstract Journal Article Review La coccidioidomicosis en los niños.

MEXICO Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 0414106 0539-6115 IM Adolescent Animals Animals, Domestic microbiology Animals, Wild microbiology Cattle Central America Child Child, Preschool Coccidioides isolation & purification Coccidioidomycosis epidemiology veterinary Dogs Female Humans Male Mexico Southwestern United States 32 1989 7 1 1989 7 1 0 1 1989 7 1 0 0 ppublish 2669835 12158027 1989 11 01 1989 11 01 2006 11 15

0187-7550 1988 Demos [The health transition in Mexico: a proper model]. 28-9 Frenk J J Bobadilla J L JL Sepulveda J J spa English Abstract Journal Article La transicion de la salud en Mexico: un modelo propio.

MEXICO Demos 101087425 0187-7550 J Agriculture Americas Chronic Disease Communicable Diseases Demography Developing Countries Disease Economics Employment Epidemiologic Methods Health Manpower Industry Infection Latin America Mexico Mortality North America Population Population Dynamics Research 055578 00185567 An intense process of epidemiological transition due to the change in mortality has superseded the eras of pestilence, pandemic disease, and chronic-degenerative diseases in Mexico. But the change has not been uniformly progressive, for instance, recurrence of malaria after its eradication indicates reverse transition. Enteritis, influenza, and pneumonia ranked among the primary causes of death between 1955 and 1957, whereas by 1980 heart disease became the leading cause followed by accidents, influenza, and enteritis. A polarized epidemiology can be observed in the post-transitional period: the poorest segment of the population continues to have high rates of infections and nutritional deficiencies. According to Mexican health service mortality data gathered in 1981 industrial workers had similar rates of infectious and chronic-degenerative diseases (11.7% and 12.0%, respectively), while agricultural workers had high rates of infectious and parasitic diseases (26.7%) and a low rate of chronic-degenerative diseases (5.6%). Illnesses of perinatal origin were also higher in agricultural workers than in industrial workers (26.1% vs. 13.7%), whereas circulatory diseases were more frequent among industrial workers (14.2% vs. 7.2%). It is the task of the health care system to meet the challenge of the complexity of this epidemiological mosaic. Agricultural Workers Americas Chronic Diseases Communicable Diseases Demographic Factors Developing Countries Diseases Economic Factors Epidemiologic Methods--statistics Human Resources Industry Infections Labor Force Latin America Macroeconomic Factors Mexico Mortality North America Population Population Dynamics Research Methodology TJ: DEMOS 1988 1 1 0 0 2002 10 9 4 0 1988 1 1 0 0 ppublish 12158027